"We, the people of Dakota, grateful to Almighty God for our civil and religious liberty…" remains the preamble to our state constitution. The state motto, adopted during the 1885 constitutional convention here in Sioux Falls is "Under God the People Rule." Someone at the convention put forth an amendment to drop the "under God" part but the shorter and secular "The People Rule" version failed 10-73. The full motto passed with only one Nay vote.
In his new book, Prairie Republic: The Political Culture of Dakota Territory 1879-1889 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2010), historian Jon Lauck set out to take a fresh look at the history of Dakota Territory stating he was motivated to make a new contribution to the study of Dakota history by the fact that the most notable previous attempt of the 1950's, Lamar's Dakota Territory, reflects "the currents of that age." He notes how, to date, historiography has taken a "critical eye" revealing "a darker side" of the development of the American West. Lauck's research uncovered the good forces at work. Letting the evidence speak, and not projecting today's unbelief back on our founding era, Lauck concludes;
During the boom, the Dakota settlers laid the foundation of social and political life in the territory… Their republican habits and institutions were bolstered by an archipelago of Christian churches on the Dakota prairie that deepened community ties, inculcated social virtue, and generally promoted social order. When Dakotans crafted a constitution, that most American of political rituals, they did so by relying on republican ideology and a Christian heritage, both of which taught them to abhor the corruption of the territorial system, celebrate self-government, and prize private virtue. The constitution Dakotans crafted and the social order they created rested on the twin pillars of American republicanism and the Christian tradition. (Prairie Republic, pgs 168-169)
Perusing the historical sources, Lauck organized the book around what he found… "specifically, I was struck by the republican ardor of Dakota settlers in both language and action and by the prevalence of Christianity in their lives." My review here of Prairie Republic admittedly emphasizes the latter of this two-pronged focus of his book. As Lauck notes, other historians have noted the "citizens of Dakota are a God fearing people." One of our former governors spoke to the State Historical Society noting what "would have been obvious decades earlier" how the "settlers of Dakota were a religious people." Even simply looking at a state map is enough to make this point, there were reasons these settlers named their towns Epiphany, Faith, Eden, Mission and Sinai. In a chapter entitled God's Country, Lauck writes how these 1880's settlers seriously considered naming their state "God's Country."
Though sharing common conclusions, Prairie Republic is not tainted in any way by today's religious right. However, it does break far away from the secular-revisionists who produce popular works today such as- "Our Godless Constitution." Prairie Republic is notably different in that it has footnotes - eighty pages of footnotes. Our Godless Constitution has no footnotes and yet students today are force-fed it on our university campuses and told our framers desired and produced an utterly secular state. Lauck, though not motivated to write to bolster anything Christian, merely presents historical fact… "civic republicanism and Christianity were the dominant forces at work during South Dakota's formative decade."
During a decade marked by a stunning 750% population explosion, where the territory grew by one thousand people a day, Lauck details how one thousand Dakota churches contributed greatly to political stability by, among other things, reinforcing "the key ingredients of republicanism." Also, "by promoting civilization in the form of schooling and manners, 'churches labored persistently on the side of the angels of cultural light.'" Lauck notes that the spires of the churches were the first indication of a town. Things that are first indicate priority.
Things that are first are also foundational. Lauck quoted one founding era Dakota clergyman who described his labors as laying "the mortar for the foundations for future generations." "Christian ministers," Lauck notes "promoted a stable social and moral structure in a foreign and forbidding land." Ministers fostered a stable social order by participating in the political process and discourse. As was typical of these formative gatherings, Episcopal minister Melanchton Hoyt opened the 1883 constitutional convention with a time of prayer asking God to bless the delegates so that "they may glorify Thy holy name and perpetuate the best interests of the citizens of this territory."
After the 1885 delegates unanimously adopted our state constitution, Rev. Joseph Ward of the "influential Congregational Church" in Yankton, stood in the doorway with the large roll manuscript of the Constitution in his hands and entered to a "prolonged applause." They weren't applauding him, but him carrying the document is evidence that ministers were front and center in the midst of the proceedings. Sioux Falls politician Richard Pettigrew lamented the power of the churches and their leaders as they restrained greedy alliances and interests. Rev. Ward was one of the leading opponents of the territorial system frequently arguing the merits of our historic freedoms and representative commonwealth.
We live in a day where the pulpit and politics are forced apart which is quite a departure from what Lauck documents in Prairie Republic. Ministers in our founding era prided themselves that church members were being elected to public office as they had, in effect, discipled the men who were discipling Dakota Territory down a path that leads to healthy societies. Lauck doesn't use the word disciple but he does describe the competing forces vying to ensure the people follow a certain path. People are always surprised when I mention how 27 of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence were ordained or had seminary degrees. Here in Dakota Territory, Lauck notes one of the first two U.S. Senators chosen from our new state was Rev. James Kyle, a Congregational minister who pastored churches in Ipswich and later Aberdeen.
These founding Dakota ministers were not crusaders working to establish some theocracy, they were "cultural leaders" and "often the most educated person in a settlement and a revered source of moral authority… he and the immigrant church tended to awaken and foster the nationality and consciousness of the immigrant settlers." They were strategic in that they set contentious issues like prohibition and women's suffrage on the back burner until the foundations of a stable constitution were in place.
Contrary to notions that this Wild West was an unruly free for all, Lauck documents how churches and ministers in our state's founding era provided public order by promoting a virtuous citizenry, self-rule and republican ideals. Lauck warns that the "erosion of long-standing communities, including those centered in South Dakota church basements, threaten America's long-term democratic prospects." Prairie Republic is a timely book as it underscores the forces that ensure stability and serve as a strong defense - deep community ties, a virtuous citizenry, civic virtue, self-government and republican ideals.
In my earlier post on this book I mentioned that I bought fifteen copies as soon as it came out to give as gifts to those who helped me launch my short-lived congressional run. I've been encouraging others running for office this year in South Dakota to not only get a copy for themselves but to get copies for those who are helping them.
Lauck's book will certainly be a standard on our state's founding era for some years to come and it will surely inspire others to fill in the other gaps yet untouched by those writing our histories. Lauck ends Prairie Republic offering suggestions for others for future research; Catholics, the saloon element and the seasonal farm workers. Prairie Republic notes the intensity of the Protestant/Catholic divide during the founding era but leaves room for someone else to unpack the dynamics of merging the variety of other immigrants and people's here in one place.
Jon Lauck is a historian and attorney and Senior Advisor to US Senator John Thune (R, SD). His previous books are Daschle vs. Thune: Anatomy of a High-Plains Senate Race and American Agriculture and the Problem of Monopoly. (Lauck is pictured on the right, I'm on the left).
We have started a Facebook page for Prairie Republic and also invite you to a book signing with Jon this Saturday at Barnes and Noble here in Sioux Falls at 1 P.M..